ShareWiz Ultra Secure Server Setup
Kernel Security
Synopsis
A Kernel Crash Dump refers to a portion of the contents of volatile memory (RAM) that is copied to disk whenever the execution of the kernel is disrupted.
The following events can cause a kernel disruption :
- Kernel Panic
- Non Maskable Interrupts (NMI)
- Machine Check Exceptions (MCE)
- Hardware failure
- Manual intervention
For some of those events (Panic, NMI) the kernel will react automatically and trigger the crash dump mechanism through kexec. In other situations a manual intervention is required in order to capture the memory. Whenever one of the above events occurs, it is important to find out the root cause in order to prevent it from happening again. The cause can be determined by inspecting the copied memory contents.
Kernel Crash Dump Mechanism
When a kernel panic occurs, the kernel relies on the kexec mechanism to quickly reboot a new instance of the kernel in a pre-reserved section of memory that had been allocated when the system booted (see below). This permits the existing memory area to remain untouched in order to safely copy its contents to storage.
Install the kernel crash dump utility
Issue the following command:
Restart the System
To enable the kernel crash dump utility to be used, restart the system.
Issue the following command:
...and log back in using Putty
Verify
To confirm that the kernel dump mechanism is enabled, there are a few things to verify. First, confirm that the crashkernel boot parameter is present.
Issue the following command:
which should display something like:
BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.2.0-25-generic root=/dev/mapper/vg01-root ro crashkernel=384M-2G:64M,2G-:128M
The crashkernel parameter has the following syntax:
crashkernel= range=start-[end] 'start' is inclusive and 'end' is exclusive.
So for the crashkernel parameter found in /proc/cmdline we would have:
crashkernel=384M-2G:64M,2G-:128M
The above value means:
- if the RAM is smaller than 384M, then don't reserve anything (this is the "rescue" case)
- if the RAM size is between 386M and 2G (exclusive), then reserve 64M
- if the RAM size is larger than 2G, then reserve 128M
Second, verify that the kernel has reserved the requested memory area for the kdump kernel by doing:
sudo dmesg | grep -i crash
which should show something like:
...
[ 0.000000] Reserving 64MB of memory at 800MB for crashkernel (System RAM: 2047MB)
Test the crashdump mechanism (Optional)
Testing the Crash Dump Mechanism will cause a system reboot. In certain situations, this can cause data loss if the system is under heavy load. If you want to test the mechanism, make sure that the system is idle or under very light load.
Verify that the SysRQ mechanism is enabled by looking at the value of the /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq kernel parameter:
Issue the following command:
sudo cat /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
If a value of 0 is returned the feature is disabled. Enable it with the following command:
and then issue the following command:
If you are using a network connection, you will lose contact with the system. This is why it is better to do the test while being connected to the system console. This has the advantage of making the kernel dump process visible.
A typical test output should look like the following :
[ 31.659002] SysRq : Trigger a crash
[ 31.659749] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at (null)
[ 31.662668] IP: [ [ 31.662668] PGD 3bfb9067 PUD 368a7067 PMD 0
[ 31.662668] Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP
[ 31.662668] CPU 1
....
The rest of the output is truncated, but you should see the system rebooting and somewhere in the log, you will see the following line :
Begin: Saving vmcore from kernel crash ...
Once completed, the system will reboot to its normal operational mode. You will then find Kernel Crash Dump file in the /var/crash directory :
Issue the following command:
which should show something like:
linux-image-3.0.0-12-server.0.crash
References
Kernel Crash Dump is a vast topic that requires good knowledge of the linux kernel. You can find more information on the topic here:
- Linux Kernel Crash Dump
- Crash Dump Recipe
- Kdump kernel documentation
- The crash tool
- Analyzing Linux Kernel Crash
(Based on Fedora, it still gives a good walkthrough of kernel dump analysis)